The type of hormone, such as the steroid, which passes directly through the cell membrane to nuclear receptors to cause changes in gene expression within the cell, is known as hydrophobic.
Hydrophobic steroid hormones are transported in the circulation, largely bound to plasma carrier proteins. Steroids are overall hydrophobic because of they have common tetracyclic hydrocarbon core.
Hence, the steroid hormones are lipid-soluble in hydrophobic environments and they able to pass through the cell membrane of cell. Steroid hormones have the ability bind with receptors and change their structure and causing that complex to easily pass into the nucleus in order to alter or change gene expression.
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Lignite. It’s a formation of coal.
The body's first line of defense is actually the non-specific immune system which is also called innate immunity.
Innate immunity employs both physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of defense. These include:
1. The intact skin. The skin is made up of keratin in its outermost layer. Keratin makes skin tough and resistant and pathogens usually cannot penetrate unless the skin is broken.
2. The mucus membrane. This is a thin membrane that forms a protective lining inside many organs and other parts of the body such as the trachea. Mucus produced by the membrane traps bacteria and other harmful particle which are then expelled from the body.
3. Tears. Tears from our eyes contain lysozyme, a chemical that kills bacteria.
If the pathogen gets through or evades these types of defenses, then it is dealt with by the second line of defense which is called specific immunity or acquired immunity. It is here that white blood cells namely the B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes attack, kill or neutralize pathogens.
Answer:
failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I, failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis. Nondisjunction results in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy).
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